Luckys Monologue in Waiting for Godot Essay Example For Students

Luckys Monolog in Waiting for Godot Essay Quinci Cohen 30th April 30, 2010 HL English E A Commentary on Lucky’s Monolog in Waiting for Godot In Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot maybe no character is as mysterious and astounding as that of Lucky. His job in the story of the dramatization as he is presented is all around old fashioned until he is asked to â€Å"think† by Vladimir. The following logorrhea when Lucky wears his cap has generated endless understandings and endeavors to interpret its essence. Most concur that Lucky’s discourse isn't just good for nothing prolixity and can be part into 3 unmistakable segments or beats (of which the initial 2 are inspected here). After looking into it further of these areas, one can determine Lucky’s message. Over the span of his discourse Lucky makes a frightening analysis on the idea of God, the end of man, and utilizes a few unrefined and dark plays on words; further underscoring the degeneration of our species. As the discourse starts, its center is promptly clear. â€Å"Given the existence†¦ of an individual God†¦ with white beard†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He paints a representation of a prototype Christian God, one who is astute, generous, and â€Å"personal. He proceeds to energize that picture with a religious develop that is to a great extent inverse and is portrayed as being â€Å"outside time without extension†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Even if there is a God he can't influence us and regardless of whether he would his be able to mind and love is liable to â€Å"some exceptions† These special cases become victims who are â€Å"plunged in torment fire†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This fire is apparently so soli d that it will â€Å"blast damnation to heaven†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The ramifications of these lines further the clashing impacts of a God. The individuals who are special cases from his consideration experience life on earth as damnation and this sensation is solid to such an extent that it in the long run abrogates any bit of expectation or faith in a heaven past their natural sufferings. Lucky’s negative emotions are naturally clear. God is a missing projection dug in oddity and on the off chance that not, at that point he is characterized by â€Å"divine apathia† or aloofness, an absence of intrigue, â€Å"divine aphasia† the failure to comprehend or communicate discourse, and â€Å"divine athambia† the importance of which is liable to discuss however can be comprehended, as per the Oxford English Dictionary as â€Å"imperturbability†. He is barbarous, unseeing, and scatterbrained. So also, Lucky’s musings and sentiments are no less critical or critical while thinking about humankind. Albeit divided by farces of educators and scholars the meat of this beat of the discourse can be witnessed in the spaces in the middle. â€Å"and considering†¦ that†¦ it is built up past all doubt†¦ that man in Essy†¦ squanders and pines†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lucky sets up that man is on the decay. His utilization of the expression â€Å"wastes and pines† recommends a physical decay as well as a psychological one also. This idea is strengthened by explicit models, â€Å"in show disdain toward of†¦ the act of sports†¦ penicilline and succedanea†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Despite our earnest attempts at propelling ourselves genuinely and intellectually we are â€Å"concurrently simultaneously†¦ craze away† Lucky adjusts the beat by making reference to the way that this â€Å"dead loss† of ourselves is a procedure that started with â€Å"the passing of Bishop Berkeley†, a reference to Irish logician George Berkeley who spearheaded the belief system that the fact of the matter is eventually contained simply our psychological impression of it. What Lucky infers with this reference is that since the passing of Berkeley, we have become tucked away in the possibility of some target law forced upon us by God and this is the reason for our degeneration. In any case, in opposition to serious message of the section Lucky’s rant isn't without the mark joke and diversion we anticipate from the auditorium of the preposterous. Truth be told, the utilization of quips is liberal; almost every notice he makes of assumed researchers is a hidden witticism. .ucd6f9461918ea33b545f911fabaafba4 , .ucd6f9461918ea33b545f911fabaafba4 .postImageUrl , .ucd6f9461918ea33b545f911fabaafba4 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ucd6f9461918ea33b545f911fabaafba4 , .ucd6f9461918ea33b545f911fabaafba4:hover , .ucd6f9461918ea33b545f911fabaafba4:visited , .ucd6f9461918ea33b545f911fabaafba4:active { border:0!important; } .ucd6f9461918ea33b545f911fabaafba4 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ucd6f9461918ea33b545f911fabaafba4 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ucd6f9461918ea33b545f911fabaafba4:active , .ucd6f9461918ea33b545f911fabaafba4:hover { mistiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ucd6f9461918ea33b545f911fabaafba4 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucd6f9461918ea33b545f911fabaafba4 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .ucd6f9461918ea33b545f911fabaafba4 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ucd6f9461918ea33b545f911fabaafba4 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucd6f9461918ea33b545f911fabaafba4:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ucd6f9461 918ea33b545f911fabaafba4 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ucd6f9461918ea33b545f911fabaafba4-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ucd6f9461918ea33b545f911fabaafba4:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Parable of the Sadhu EssayThe â€Å"Puncher and Wattman† referenced looks to some extent like the genuine researchers, the Scottish innovator James Watt and the French mathematician Louis Poinsot yet in reality is all the more usually observed as an entertaining Anglicization of the French words wattman (a cable car driver) and poincon (a ticket punch or conductor). Another occasion of pleasantry appears as the names â€Å"Testew and Cunard† which is available to various translations. One is that they are gotten from the French names, Testu et Conard. Another is that they might be viewed as a kind of perspecti ve to the French tetu et conard which is slang for â€Å"mulish and tupid. † An unquestionably increasingly entertaining translation is that the names reverberation the French slang words for gonad (testicule) and vagina (con). At last, Lucky makes a marginally progressively obscure play on words in referencing the names â€Å"Steinweg and Peterman†. On account of an English crowd the second of the two names may appear to be silly do to it’s relationship with the mark, cracksman. To a French crowd it might appear to be silly because of the reality the French word for fart (subside) is strikingly like the primary portion of the name, successfully re-appropriating the researcher as a human portrayal of a going of wind. The dark piece of the play on words comes in the way that the two names reference ‘stone’ since stein is German for stone and Peter is gotten from the Greek petros, which means stone. This fills in as a marker of the last beat given that ‘stone’ is referenced a further multiple times in the discourse. A definitive capacity of all these ironic statements is to additionally underscore the debasement of man; even in these unfathomably grave and significant minutes Lucky himself is bathetic. All things considered, it is anything but difficult to acknowledge Lucky’s address for what it genuinely is, a traditionally foolish and Beckettian speech. Overflowing with existentialism and intense critique, Lucky conveys his message in a wrap of stopping garrulity. Beckett utilizes interpolative triteness and witticism to help perusers and crowds the same to remember our alleged discontinuance and the madness of our strict projections. Some may excuse Lucky’s discourse as unimportant blarney be that as it may, as is clear, they couldn’t be farther than reality. While the monolog isn't really the stub of Waiting for Godot’s message, there is no questioning that it is the most enchanting and the most vital.

I Love School Essay Example for Free

I Love School Essay Entryways and windows - It is proposed to utilize wooden entryway and window outlines rather than cement or steel. Confining Timber encircling - normally solid protected - solid structure - development times are less Recycled steel surrounding - It’s simple to utilize when contractual workers are building your home - less confining material contrasted with wood however will even now be a similar structure on the off chance that you utilized wood. - Walls, rooftop and roofs won't change because of the climate changes - they don't spoil, assimilate dampness or make shape - safe against termites Roofing Cool material - when the item is painted onto your rooftop the sun is reflected away. it very well may be painted on wood, solid, mortar, metal and glass. - when it’s blistering it is favored that you sport white rather than dark, cool material is the place it mirrors the sun and remains cooler on the grounds that it’s a white shading - cost more than typical material however once it begins to work it brings down your bill. - having the rooftop that you presumably have on your home currently can arrive at temperatures of more than 70 degrees putting away more warmth into your home, cool roofing’s temperature just goes to 20-35 degrees all things considered without protection going out cooler and sparing you from taking care of substantial cooling tabs. Credible rooftop produced using reused materials - been said that it’s for all intents and purposes unbreakable - they are very light weight - has UV insurance which prevents it from blurring - contains no poison materials Rooftop tiles - shading won't blur, rust or erode - are a characteristic warm protector. In winter they keep the virus freshen up and the warmth in. In summer they keep the warmth out and cold in - regular sound encasing - they are heat opposition; along these lines they give assurance against shrub fires - made with normally happening mud which can be reused into new dirt tiles and blocks Insulation Spray froth protection - 75% clamor decrease lessens form and buildup development - saves money on power bills Structural protection boards - half more vitality productive - 40% less development time - the center of the boards is made of Expanded Polystyrene which is produced using utilizing a low-ecological procedure which implies it doesn't contain any significant carbons. The Oriented Strand Board which is a designed wood item is produced using reaping a quickly developing yield backwoods which makes the materials inexhaustible and reasonable. - fireproof - can be utilized for floors, establishments and cellars - blocks and stone can be introduced on the boards SIP’s are likewise utilized as dividers in spite of the fact that you can put stone, or block over its highest point. There is no requirement for painting as SIP’s arrive in a scope of shading. reused denim - produced using old pants that have been cleaned, stripped and shrouded in boric corrosive which is form, fire and creepy crawly safe - doesn’t contain any throat or skin disturbances - makes a more prominent sound wall - its 100% recyclable - requires modest quantity of vitality to fabricate - doesn’t tingle and simple to deal with - when the protection gets wet its made to inhale and discharge the dampness. Likewise contains dynamic form inhibitors reused paper 100% recyclable - takes multiple times less vitality to deliver than half of the other protection - non-destructive - doesn’t bolster shape or organism development - it diminishes overheating and overcooling additionally useful for sound protection Heating/cooling Solar shrewd breeze - gathers sun based vitality from under a tile or timber rooftop and cools the house in summer and warms it in winter Spilt fra mework - vitality proficient when contrasted with convenient and window climate control systems Hydronic warming - utilizes brilliant warmth. Evaporative cooling - utilizes regular air Smartbreeze - diminishes 40% ozone depleting substances - spares vitality and power bills can likewise work around evening time furnishing nighttime cooling how it functions with a metal rooftop warming. During winter and cold days there can be a development of warm warmed air between the rooftop, sheets and thwarts. The air is hauled to the smartbreeze unit and the fan invigorated by the sun powered board that’s set on your rooftop power the warm air through roof vents and into your living spaces making a hotter domain. Cooling during the day during sweltering climate sight-seeing builds up into your rooftop. The sun oriented stimulated fans power the now cool air into your living space which at that point lessens the temperature. Rooftop ventilation Avoiding a development of dampness in winter and to diminish an extreme warmth develop in the mid year - Some advantages are †lowing vitality bills, more prominent solace in home, guarantee the soundness of your family - Removes dust which enters through small holes of the house structure expanding your wellbeing. Cultivating counterfeit grass Regal grass - 100% reused - Contains no hurtful poisons or overwhelming metals - n o infill like sand is required for the protection - not spiky like genuine grass, delicate to contact and stroll on - doesn’t should be cut, hence low upkeep is required. There is no compelling reason to clear away the abundance grass that’s left finished. Termiturf - no watering, cutting or preparing - its low support - doesn’t lose shading or blur genuine grass - Needs to be watered at any rate once every week - Needs to be cut, the petroleum from the garden cutter dirties the air - Needs to be treated, utilizing compost is awful in light of the fact that the synthetic concoctions that are in it get washed into either, streams, seas and lakes. That makes green growth develop and animals that live in the water or drink the water. dark water - dim water is gathered from you shower, shower or clothes washer, it is then redirected into a siphon called the waste water framework, when the water streams hrough the siphon it is then occupied into your nursery. - it can set aside to 350-700L every day - less vitality and concoction use - lower water charges Drip water system - weed development is diminishes on the grounds that between plants the regions aren’t inundated - consistent dampness which improves development in plants - you don’t need to move them around like a sprinkler, they can remain there permenately - diminished compost cost - 60% more proficiency over sprinkler frameworks Flooring Cork flooring - produced using trees. The trees are not chopped down, they are produced using the bark which develops back like clockwork - plug flooring contains a low or no VOC (unstable natural compound).

Blog Archive Diamonds in the Rough The Carey School of Business at Arizona State

Blog Archive Diamonds in the Rough The Carey School of Business at Arizona State MBA applicants can get carried away with rankings. In this series, we profile amazing programs at business schools that are typically ranked outside the top 15. Arizona State University, the largest public university in the United States, is home to the  W.P. Carey School of Business. Despite its extensive global network of more than 90,000 alumni, Carey boasts a small, tight-knit MBA programâ€"with an incoming class size numbering just 67 students in 2014 (and only 74 in 2013). Throughout the four quarters of their first year, students are exposed to a core general management curriculum that incorporates hands-on and experiential learning opportunities. Notable within Carey’s core course sequence is a business plan lab, taken in the fall of the first year, which culminates in a business plan competition in January. Through this offering, students learn entrepreneurial and general management skills applicable to a broad range of professional interests. Starting in the second half of the first year, students are able to customize their curriculum to fulfill up to two (of seven possible) areas of professional specialization. The Carey curriculum also offers the option of selecting from among seven areas of emphasis, designed to allow students to explore a given field more broadly. Students can also combine an MBA with one of six other degree offerings from the university in a dual-degree program. In addition, Carey boasts an internationally diverse class and strong global opportunities, including International Elective courses with destinations all over the world. Share ThisTweet Diamonds in the Rough Blog Archive Diamonds in the Rough The Carey School of Business at Arizona State MBA applicants can get carried away with rankings. In this series, we profile amazing programs at business schools that are typically ranked outside the top 15. Arizona State University, the largest public university in the United States, is home to the W.P. Carey School of Business. Despite its extensive global network of more than 80,000 alumni, Carey boasts a small, tight-knit MBA programâ€"with an incoming class size numbering just 74 students in 2013. Throughout the four quarters of their first year, students are exposed to a core general management curriculum, incorporating hands-on and experiential learning opportunities. Notable within Carey’s core course sequence is a business plan lab, taken in the fall, which culminates in a business plan competition in January. Through this offering, students learn entrepreneurial and general management skills applicable to a broad range of professional interests. Starting in the second half of the first year, students are able to customize their curriculum to fulfill up to two (of seven possible) areas of professional specialization. The Carey curriculum also offers the option of selecting from among seven areas of emphasis, designed to allow students to explore a given field more broadly. Students can also combine an MBA with one of five other degree offerings from the university in a dual-degree program. In addition, Carey boasts an internationally diverse class and strong global opportunities, including International Elective courses with destinations all over the world. Share ThisTweet Diamonds in the Rough

The Psychological And Behavioral Characteristics Of The...

1) Describe the specific psychological and behavioral characteristics of the individual that corresponds to the IDEA definition of that particular disability. If there is more than one disability, just choose one to respond to. The movie Four Weddings and a Funeral has a character who is hearing impaired or deaf. According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) deafness is â€Å"a hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification.† David, who is the adult brother of the main character, Charles, is deaf. He wears a hearing aide, but we don’t learn if he has any significant hearing. David was played by the actor David Bower. Mr. Bower is deaf in real life but has a career as an actor. Hugh Grant is the main character, Charles. In the movie, we see Charles tease or bully David, but mostly in a playful way. The two brothers are close. 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Rhetorical Analysis Of Chief Joseph - 704 Words

Have you ever thought of being on the run from an intense army ? Well , in this speech from Chief Joseph , he explains how is army has been killed and majority of his people have ran away to the hills because of the cold weather upon them. He is also worried because the young men now have to step up and lead the chiefs in an innovative direction. This has put him in a heartfelt situation where he now wants to put a cease to fighting , and find his children for the good of his sake. In contrast , he uses three rhetorical devices to release his thoughts and feelings from the outcome from fighting. Chief Joseph effectively utilizes logos in this speech because of his logic to the disappearance of his tribe. In the quote â€Å" My people, some†¦show more content†¦As a result , he is tired of fighting ,and is not focused on war anymore. In his final quote, â€Å" It is the young men who say yes or no,† he throughly explains how the old men have passed , and it is now the the young men’s time to step up and become leaders. Finally , this is how he is convincing the audience that his tribe is freezing to death ,and none of his children can be found. Chief Joesph uses pathos in the speech by using emotion and convincing the audience by using emotional response. In the first quote, â€Å" I am tired of fighting,† he explains that all of this fighting has him tired and he only wants peace. With that being said , he says he will fight no more forever. In the second quote, â€Å" My heart is sick and sad,† he claims how all of this killing and disappearance of his tribe has him sick to his heart. Therefore, he wants peace with all enemies and wants to fight no more. 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A Research On High Risk Population - 851 Words

One of the prospects of research on high-risk population is the ability to recognize the disease and its outcomes, is to identify and implement of evidence-based intervention that will reverse or slow the progress of the negative outcomes of the disease (Ricci-Cabello, et al. 2013). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive and protracted disease related with substantial morbidity and mortality. African Americans (AA) adults have the highest occurrence of T2DM due to factors such as obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and high consumptions of sugar that predisposed them at risk for prediabetes. AA adults with T2DM are predisposed to experience greater debility from diabetes-related consequences that arise when their blood glucose levels are not under control than other ethnic groups. Such complications include neuropathy, retinopathy, end-stage renal diseases, peripheral vascular disease, limb amputation, and death (Gregg, et al., 2014; Farooq, Birada, Iti, 2015). 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Nursing Copy of Chromosome

Question: Describe aboutn the Nursing for Copy of Chromosome. Answer: Down syndrome Down syndrome is a genetic disorder, which occurs due to the presence of all or a part of the third copy of chromosome 21. Therefore, this disease is sometimes called as trisomy 21 (Norton et al., 2012). The occurrence of the extra chromosome is a random chance it has no connection with the fact that the parents are genetically normal or not. A normal baby has 46 chromosome 23 from the mother and 23 from the father, but a DS (Down Syndrome) baby have 47 chromosome instead of 46 due to the presence of an extra chromosome 21 (Gersen 2013). Though there is no established evidence of the reason behind DS certain scientist believe that the chances to have a DS baby increase with the increase in the age of the mother. Some statistical study shows that a woman of age 30 have a chance to give birth 1 DS baby for every 1000 baby, and it increases to 1 for every 400 at the age of 35 and 1 for every 100 at the age of 40 (Lozano et al., 2013). In this disease, the physical growth of the patient is delayed along with some characteristic facial features and intellectual disabilities. A Down Syndrome kid has a flat facial profile, small ears, protruding tongue and upward slant of eyes. Some children have a Hypotonia that is low muscle tone (Cox Butler 2015). The DS babies learn to sit, crawl, and walk very late in comparison to the normal babies. The DS babies are usually of average size, but they grow at a slower rate. Due to low muscle tone, the DS babies have to face a feeding, sucking, digestive and constipation problems. By using prenatal screening followed by diagnostic testing Down syndrome can be identified during pregnancy. In detecting Down syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities, the diagnostic test is about 99 percent accurate. As this test are performed inside the uterus, there remains a chance of complication like miscarriage. For this reason, invasive diagnostic test is recommended for the women of age 35 or older. Genetic testing and direct observation a fter birth can also identify it. After a baby is born if the doctor suspect that the baby has DS, tissue or blood sample may be tested to investigate the chromosome group number, size, and shape. There is no cure for Down syndrome. Proper care and education should be given to the patients to improve the quality of their life. DS affect the kids ability to learn in different ways but still they are capable of developing their skill and learn new thing throughout their life. It is very difficult to say what a DS child will be capable of as they grow up. Over 50 percent of the DS children have a congenital heart defect and problems with hearing and vision. Other medical condition a DS child has to face includes intestinal, stomach, and thyroid problems. Fortunately, some of this condition are treatable. The parents of a DS child must not feel guilt, loss, and fear. Talking to the parents of the other DS children may be helpful in overcoming the grief and shock. It will also help the parents to look towards the future. The parents may appoint early childhood educators and speech therapist to accelerate and encourage the development of the child. The government provides free early intervention services to the disable child from birth to the age of 3 in many states. So it is necessary for the parents to consult a doctor or a social worker to know more about the resources government is providing in their local area for the children with disabilities. There are more than 13000 DS in Australia and only 5-15 percent of the children with DS attend regular school. Recent studies of 2010 show that globally about 1 per 1000 births are DS and about 17000 deaths (Bellomo Schneider 2014). Children with DS are born more in the countries where abortion is not allowed and where pregnancy occurs more commonly at the later age. Some time people argue that the screening for DS is unethical though it is a medically reasonable procedure. The people should be made aware of this and the choice be should of the woman that how much and how little screening she wishes to be done. If the result is positive then the parents should be allowed to choose freely what to do because it is the question of their good-being. Chronic illness-Diabetes Mellitus The biggest challenge to Australian Institute of Health and Welfare is Diabetes Mellitus (Saqf el Hait et al., 2013). It is a chronic condition in which there is an increase in the glucose level in blood. It occurs due to the inability of the body to produce a hormone insulin or due to the body being unable to use insulin effectively. There are mainly three types of Diabetes. They are Diabetes Type 1, Diabetes Type 2, and the third one is Gestational Diabetes (Nankerviset al., 2012). Diabetes Type 1 This type of Diabetes starts at childhood and is a lifelong autoimmune disease which occurs when the cells present in pancreas which produce insulin are destroyed by the body's immune system (Samuelsson, Steineck, Gubbjornsdottir, 2014). Due to the absence of insulin, the glucose molecule cannot be transported into the cells and as a result, the blood glucose level starts to increase. Though the exact cause of Diabetes type 1 is unknown but some doctors believe that there is some relation with some environmental factors and genetic predisposition. Diabetes type 1 can occur at any age, but it commonly occurs during adolescence and childhood. This is unpreventable, and it is very essential to replace the insulin for the survival of the patient, in some cases, there is a scope of pancreas transplantation otherwise insulin have to be monitored to the patient on a daily basis throughout his whole life. Diabetes Type 2 It is the most common form of the disease, and it is preventable by just following a healthy lifestyle. This type of diabetes mainly occurs when the body is unable produces insulin in an adequate amount to meet the body's need or if the body becomes resistant to the insulin produced by the pancreas. Sometimes insulin is also used in the treatment of Diabetes Type 2 but not in every case. At first, to maintain the blood glucose at the normal level the patient are given oral glucose-lowering medication, they are advised to modify their life style. The modification includes physical activity, health diet, decrease high blood pressure, high blood lipids, reduce smoking, tobacco intake, and obesity. Gestational Diabetes This type of Diabetes involves the appearance of the high level of blood sugar for the first time during pregnancy. Normally it is found in the woman who is not been diagnosed with other form of diabetes in their second and third trimester. It sometimes creates a complication for both the baby and the mother. In some cases, both the mother and the baby may develop, Diabetes Type 2 in later life. Some woman requires insulin treatment and some woman manage their gestational diabetes by making changes to their exercise and diet. Woman with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes can have pregnancy and normal delivery with no effects on the health of the mother and baby, and there is may be no complication during the delivery. With the good planning, they can have an excellent control of blood pressure and a healthy pregnancy. There is no risk for mothers having Diabetes to breastfeed their babies. But the doses of the insulin should be lowered during this time. Diabetes is considered as 21st centurys epidemic in Australia and the biggest challenge for Australian health system. Every day 280 Australian develop Diabetes this means that in every five minutes one person develops Diabetes. More than 1.7 million people in Australia have Diabetes (Harding et al., 2016). In the year 2015, more than 100000 people in Australia have developed Diabetes (Chatterjee et al., 2016). The fastest growing Chronic illness of Australia is Diabetes (Hamar et al., 2015). Among all the diabetes patient 10 percent are of Diabetes Type 1, 85 percent are of Diabetes type 2 and 5 percent are Gestational Diabetes. As there is no effective cure for Diabetes one can live an enjoyable life just by learning about the ways to manage it. Diabetic people should avoid foods having a high amount of calories, saturated fats, and sodium because high amounts of saturated fats and sodium lead to unwanted weight gain and severe heart disease, which may sometimes be fatal. In the year 2014, 29,435 people have started using insulin to treat their Diabetes. Peoples having type 2 Diabetes are given medication including insulin so that their blood glucose level gets controlled. Most of these medications are in the form of tablets or injection. But these are not an oral form of insulin. In current times certain classes of drugs are there which are used by the people of Australia who have Type 2 Diabetes for lowering their blood glucose level. The familiar names of these tablets are Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose), thiazolidinediones (glitazones), sulphonylureas, and biguanides (Patel 2014). But this medicine should be used along with physical exercise and healthy food habits. All people having Diabetes must check their glucose level on a regular basis. Reference: Norton, M. E., Brar, H., Weiss, J., Karimi, A., Laurent, L. C., Caughey, A. B., ... Lee, H. (2012). Non-Invasive Chromosomal Evaluation (NICE) Study: results of a multicenter prospective cohort study for detection of fetal trisomy 21 and trisomy 18.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology,207(2), 137-e1. Gersen, S. L. (2013). History of Clinical Cytogenetics. InThe Principles of Clinical Cytogenetics(pp. 3-8). Springer New York. Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Foreman, K., Lim, S., Shibuya, K., Aboyans, V., ... AlMazroa, M. A. (2013). Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.The Lancet,380(9859), 2095-2128. Cox, D. M., Butler, M. G. (2015). Distal Partial Trisomy 15q26 and Partial Monosomy 16p13. 3 in a 36-Year-Old Male with Clinical Features of Both Chromosomal Abnormalities.Cytogenetic and genome research,145(1), 29-34. Nankervis, A., McIntyre, H. D., Moses, R., Ross, G. P., Callaway, L., Porter, C., Jeffries, W. (2012). Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society (ADIPS) consensus guidelines for the testing and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus in Australia. Saqf el Hait, S., Basheti, I. A., McLachlan, A. J., Overland, J., Chaar, B. (2013). The role of pharmacists in the management of Arabicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ speaking people with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research,4(4), 239-248. Samuelsson, U., Steineck, I., Gubbjornsdottir, S. (2014). A high meanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ HbA1c value 315 months after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in childhood is related to metabolic control, macroalbuminuria, and retinopathy in early adulthooda pilot study using two nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ wide population based quality registries.Pediatric diabetes,15(3), 229-235. Harding, J. L., Shaw, J. E., Peeters, A., Davidson, S., Magliano, D. J. (2016). Age-Specific Trends From 20002011 in All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Cohort Study of More Than One Million People.Diabetes care, dc152308. Chatterjee, S., Peters, S. A., Woodward, M., Arango, S. M., Batty, G. D., Beckett, N., ... Hassing, L. B. (2016). Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for dementia in women compared with men: A pooled analysis of 2.3 million people comprising more than 100,000 cases of dementia.Diabetes care,39(2), 300-307. Bellomo, R., Schneider, A. G. (2014). The real cost of conventional hemodialysis in critically ill patients.Critical care medicine,42(4), 990-991. Patel, I. B. (2014).MEDICATION USE AND HEALTHCARE OUTCOMES IN DEVELOPMENTALLY DISABLED MEDICAID ADULTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A QUANTITATIVE RACE BASED ANALYSIS(Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan). Hamar, G. B., Rula, E. Y., Coberley, C., Pope, J. E., Larkin, S. (2015). Long-term impact of a chronic disease management program on hospital utilization and cost in an Australian population with heart disease or diabetes.BMC health services research,15(1), 1.

London has always been a multi... free essay sample

London has always been a multi-ethnic society. Due to the fact that London is a global city, there are thousands of people moving to London each year. There might be so many reasons for migration, such as fall in the birth rates of developing countries which, in time, causes a shortage on labour. In some developing countries human rights are not as respected as it is in London and in other European cities, and citizens do not have as much freedom. Nevertheless, we are used to seeing poverty and low incomes as well as high unemployment rates in developing countries. In this paper, I will be focusing on Muslim students who mostly second generation immigrants in London and discuss how integrated they are in the Western society of London. Where do you think Muslim migrants in London would on a scale from 1 to 10?Nowadays, we can quite often hear that someone is a British-Muslim, which is a very big step showing that the migrants have the feeling of belonging to the country they live in. We will write a custom essay sample on London has always been a multi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Muslims who classify themselves as British-Muslims are often born in the UK so they are usually either the second or the third generation who are the immigrant we will be discussing in this paper. Most of the time you can hear them saying that their first language is English and they are often not fluent in their mother tongues. The research that I will be talking about were attempted to young mostly second generation immigrant. A number of students who are Muslim and Christians about specific topics and compared them by using questionnaires as well as detailed interviews. It was found that the younger generation of Muslims who are in higher education are willing to integrate into the Western society as most of them grew up in this culture. It is found that young people clearly believe that the key to there future their education. This ideology is actually quite similar to the Western ideology and no major differences can easily be seen. Muslim parents often choose to send their children to single sexed Muslim schools, perhaps as they want them to get an education which reflects their culture. However, it is found that about 16 percent of Muslims either have never worked or are unemployed for a long time, where this number drops to only 3 percent on national scale. This clearly reflects that in terms of work force Muslims are more isolated and perhaps the employers have a prejudice against the Muslims; due to the fact that there is no physical difference that shows a Muslim cannot work as good as a citizen who has a different religious belief. Almost 6 percent of Muslim women are not allowed to work outside the home environment (this number is 4 percent for Christian women- which is not very far from each other). This shows that most Muslim women are allowed to work and have socio-economic rights and as well as a chance for integration. On the contrary, it is not really accepted for Muslim women to have any kind of desire to imitate women of the Western world. Islamic marriages are largely different to Christian marriages as polygamy is common and accepted in Islamic marriages yet it is generally not accepted in Christianity. According to the researches most Muslims are also against the idea of polygamy as much as Christians and there is no major clash of views in this sense. This clearly shows that there is a cohesion of ideas about marriage.

How to Cite a Book in IEEE Referencing

How to Cite a Book in IEEE Referencing How to Cite a Book in IEEE Referencing IEEE referencing is used in subjects like computing and engineering (or if you are writing for one of the many IEEE journals). Books, meanwhile, are paper things full of writing. And if you are using both of these in an academic paper, you’ll need to know how to cite a book in IEEE referencing. In-Text Citations In IEEE referencing, citations are indicated with numbers in the text: The Skynet project was abandoned after early problems [1]. Sources should be numbered in the order they are first cited. The citation above, for example, would point to the first entry in the reference list at the end of the document. Common variations on this system include: As shown above, citations are usually given at the end of a clause before punctuation. However, if you name the author in your writing, give the citation immediately afterwards rather than at the end of the clause. If you quote a book, include a page number in the citation. If we were to name the author and quote the source, then, we would write: Connor [2, p. 129] reported â€Å"unexpected anti-human sentiment.† Here, we are citing page 129 of the second source in the reference list. Reference List When citing a book in IEEE referencing, you need to give full publication information in the reference list. The basic format to use for this is as follows: [#] INITIAL(S) Surname, Title. Place of publication: Publisher, year. Note that the title is italicized when citing a book. You should also include a hanging indent for each line after the first. In practice, then, the reference list entry for a book would look like this: [1] J. Connor, Experiments in Artificial Intelligence: The Story of Skynet. Los Angeles, CA: Cyberdyne Publications, 1997. We hope this explains how to cite a book in IEEE referencing. And don’t forget to let us know if you’d like the references in your writing checked.

Research assignment Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment - Research Paper Example Apart from being some of the most favorable career choices in New York and the US at large, these career options suit skills that I have accrued over time, and also require the personal traits and character strengths that I possess which include spirituality, love, gratitude, kindness, and humor. From this research, I aim at collecting sufficient information both from secondary sources and interviews that would guide me in making a wise and directed career choice. The structure of the research paper will involve three segments: a total of eight Q&A on each of the two occupations, with two questions extracted from each of the four parts of information in the Career Database, and a conclusion. Occupation One: Registered nurse Q.1: What kind of work is done in this field (types of tasks, responsibilities, assignments, projects, etc.)? A: The work of a registered nurse entails a lot of tasks and responsibilities that draw their descriptions from the many environments that registered nurs es work: nursing care facilities, hospitals, correctional facilities, schools, military, doctor’s offices, and different types of camps. ... The work of registered nurses is not only limited to these, but Kate, a registered nurse in an Albany hospital, emphasizes on a lot of sacrifice of nurses in being able to step out of their working description and do many other tasks whenever it is needed, especially in a critical situation involving life. Q.2: How flexible are the hours? Does the work involve long hours, shift work, overtime, or working on weekends? A.: Most working environments for registered nurses have duty rosters that allocate each employee fair working hours. These rosters are usually supplied beforehand, ensuring each registered nurse has flexibility in planning other personal activities. The average working hours for nurses is approximately 10 hours. The work involves shifts that provide alternations by various workers. However, in cases of emergencies like catastrophes, there is an expectation and obligation of nurses to sacrifice and work overtime, even with an exception of compensation, for the sake of hu manity. Q.3: What education is required for someone who is entering this field (associate’s, bachelors, master’s, or other advanced degrees)? A: At entry level, an Associate’s degree is the requirement for someone with an interest in pursuing a career as a registered nurse. However, a Bachelor’s degree would be a better bet as research has shown that most people in this career have attained this level of education (Labor Statistics). Q.4: What kinds of people tend to do well in this field? What skills and qualities are important (e.g., attention to detail, ability to work under pressure, or ability to negotiate)? A. Being a registered nurse requires a number of skillsets and qualities that only a few have in a combinative form. These include patience, altruism,

The Essence of Memorable Tourism Experiences Essay

The Essence of Memorable Tourism Experiences - Essay Example The study attempts to show that there is a direct relationship between memorable tourism experiences and the number of tourists who visit a destination. This is through an exploration of the experiences of tourists and the elements of the visits that they make that ensure that they not only choose to return to a destination but also their ability to either recommend destinations through word of mouth to their friends and acquaintances. The study makes an examination of the experiences that are likely to have a positive effect on the memory and how this effect can be studied in a bid to develop information that can be useful to the tourism industry. Among the research questions that are being asked in this study is concerning the elements that can be considered to be the building blocks of memories. Furthermore, there is a question concerning what the triggers of memory are and what types of experiences ensure that these memories are retained. Another question that is asked is based on the methodical challenges that might be encountered when making a study of memories. Finally, the study attempts to develop an understanding of how practitioners in the tourism industry can work towards the development of memorable experiences for tourists. The main method of study that was put into use in the gathering of information was through interviews that were based on open-ended questions designed to ensure that the various dimensions of memory experiences were captured. Furthermore, it was found to be essential for the interviewer to ask questions in a predetermined order so that it could be determined whether the answer to a previous question could influence the one of the next. The data was collected from a Canadian University and it was based on the grounded theory in order to increase its efficiency and credibility.

Forensic Anthropology Study of Bones

Forensic Anthropology Study of Bones Introduction Anthropology is the study of humankind, culturally and physically, in all times and places. Forensic Anthropology is the application of anthropological knowledge and techniques in a legal context (Hunter, 1996b). This involves detailed knowledge of osteology, anatomy, and to a lesser degree pathology, to aid in the identification and cause of death of skeletal and severely decomposed human remains. The application of forensic anthropology is specifically useful when human remains are extremely difficult for the medico-legal team to identify, and these remains are often a result of decomposition, dismemberment, severe burning and charring, and submersion in water for prolonged periods (Haglund and Sorg, 1996 and 2001). It is a fallacy to believe that forensic anthropology applies solely to skeletal remains. In many instances, particularly in the United Kingdom, a forensic anthropologist is required to analyse remains with partial soft tissue. The geographical magnitude of the United States usually dictates that the American forensic anthropologist will encounter more skeletonised remains than those still possessing soft tissue (Uberlaker and Scammell, 2000), however, the opportunities for cadavers to decompose to a fully skeletonised state are severely reduced in the UK. Similarly, there are specific instances where remains can be uncovered in varying states of entirety, including mass disasters, such as train and aircraft accidents, and instances involving human rights infringements (Cox, 2003). However, in the United Kingdom, forensic anthropology is yet to be nationally accepted or acknowledged as a credible and valuable addition to the forensic science armoury, and until recently, the number of cases involving forensic anthropologists has been limited. Although the trained and accredited forensic anthropologist has the capability to undertake a wide range of analyses, and has the potential to add greatly to the field of forensic science, this essay will briefly outline the predominant methodologies employed by the forensic anthropologist in the identification of human remains. Age and sex estimation The uses of forensic anthropology in cases where human remains are not easily identifiable centre around five basic questions which the discipline is uniquely empowered to answer: Whether the remains are human; the number of individuals represented; the interval of times since death; the identification of the individual; and the cause and manner of death (Menez, 2005). Part of that identification is the determination of the age at death and sex of the individual. The topic is immense, however, superficially the process of age determination involves three foci of analysis: tooth eruption and erosion; epiphyseal closure; and the length of the long bones (Hunter et al., 2001; Byers, 2004). Similarly, determination of sex is possible via the analysis of the pelvis, the cranial and mandible characteristics, and the diameter of the femoral and humeral head. As a general rule of thumb, males usually present a more prominent brow ridge, nuchal crest, glabella and gonal angle. Women have a wi der pelvis, a wider sciatic and less pronounced cranial characteristics. Stature and race evaluation Forensic anthropologists can use formulae to determine height based on the length of long bones. The longest bone, the femur, is most applicable for analysis, however estimations are also possible from the metacarpals in the hand. Anthropologists are able to establish the individualà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s weight by the wear on the bones at certain characteristic points. They can also verify an individualà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s general physique from the ridges created via muscle attachments. From muscle attachment characteristics, it is possible to determine whether the individual was right- or left-handed as there will usually be more muscle attachment evidence exhibited on the bones on the dominant side. An intact corpse can be measured, but a disarticulated or incomplete skeleton has to be pieced together. One generic rule of thumb is that height is about five times the length of the humerus, however there are formulas for height based on other major bones a s well, including the spine, tibia, and femur (Black, 2003). Through the application of forensic anthropology it is possible to identify the racial group to which an individual belongs by examining the anthropometric landmarks of the cranial vault. One of three races can be determined from variations in the facial structure, especially the nose and eye sockets. Facial or head hair, when presented on the human remains, can also help determine race. Evaluation of pathologies It is possible via forensic anthropology to determine if a victim was ever injured or experienced trauma. Predominantly, this involves trauma exhibited on the hard tissue, however, in cases of partial decomposition, soft tissue trauma may also be evaluated and established (Pickering and Bachman, 1996). In the case of a suspected victim, detected bone trauma can be compared with an individualà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s medical X-rays to confirm identity, and the same identification methodology may be applied with regard to dentition and odontological evidence. It is often also possible to determine the cause of death in a victim, particularly in cases of extreme violence. This is determined by analysing indications of trauma, including stab marks, depressions and blunt weapon trauma usually to the skull, fracture patterns, saw marks in cases of dismemberment, and bullets or pellets in or near the body. If the person was strangled, for example, frequently the hyoid bone in the throat is fractured (Nafte, 2000; Rutty, 2001). It is also possible, through toxicology, for the forensic anthropologist to analysis evidence of poison recovered from hard tissue samples. Determination of cause of death can be of particular relevant in cases of human rights abuse. This is an area which appears to be prevalent globally, and forensic anthropologists are currently in operation in Argentina, the Eastern Block, Iraq and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. These analyses are proving highly successful and are assisting in the case-building and prosecution of former dictators and rebel forces alike (Cox, 2003). Post-mortem interval The determination of post-mortem interval (PMI), although relying heavily on the entomological community, the techniques for PMI estimation were developed by prominent forensic anthropologist, William M. Bass (Gilbert and Bass, 1967). Forensic anthropologists are able to approximate the date of death and, the amount of soft tissue that is still present is often the key to determining PMI, although weathering cracks on bones during excessively cold weather or animal and rodent bites may also be used. Generally, females lose one pound of tissue per day during average decomposition; males, in comparison, lose three pounds per day. Acidic soil has a tendency to accelerate decomposition, however, alkaline soil retards it, and the pedology around the body is frequently analysed by both forensic anthropologists and pedologists. Although most frequently the forensic entomologist is required to estimate the post-mortem interval based on insect activity, this is actually an estimate of the period of insect activity, not the specific post-mortem interval. The two are often relatively similar, as the insects arrive and begin their activity shortly following death, however, in some instances there may be factors that serve to delay the onset of insect activity, and these must be considered (Schultz et al., 2005). Determining if the body has been moved following death is essential for this consideration, and the trained anthropologist is competent in this analysis. It is also crucial for the pathologist and anthropologist to assess wounds in terms of pre-, peri- and post-mortem to accurately determine PMI. Conclusion Forensic anthropology is the application of the science of physical anthropology to the legal process. The identification of skeletal, badly decomposed, or otherwise unidentified human remains is important for both legal and humanitarian reasons. Forensic anthropologists apply standard scientific techniques developed in physical anthropology to identify human remains, and to assist in the detection of crime (Hunter, 1996a). While forensic pathologists are trained to analyze soft tissue and organs, their experience with hard tissue is often limited (Hunter and Cox, 2005). In a relatively recent case for forensic anthropologist Charlotte Roberts, a pathologist had been uncertain whether a canine skeleton was actually human or not, illustrating the value of anthropology to the criminal investigation process (Roberts, 1996). The methodology of the forensic anthropologist was eventually adopted during the eventually across Saddleworth Moor during the Moors Murders re-investigation of 1986 -88, and proved partially successful (Hunter, 1996c). The forensic anthropologist specializes in hard tissue morphology, structure and variability, and much of what occurs in forensic anthropology originates from the area of osteology, although some forensic anthropologists may also specialize in body decomposition and entomology. A plethora of further evidence is obtainable and within the capabilities of the forensic anthropologist for analysis, such as entomology, taphonomy, location of clandestine remains (Hunter, 1996c) and so on, however, the methodology of these forensic specialists is exhaustive. Bibliography Black, S. (2000) Forensic Osteology in the United Kingdom. In Cox, M. and Mays, S. (eds.) Human Osteology: In Archaeology and Forensic Science. London, Greenwich Medical Media Ltd. Byers, S. (2004) Introduction to Forensic Anthropology: A Textbook. Boston, Allyn and Bacon Cox, M. (2003) The Inforce foundation. Science and Justice 41(3):173-8 Gilbert, B. M. and Bass, W. M. (1967) Seasonal dating of burials from the presence of fly pupae. American Antiquity 32: 534-535 Haglund, W. D. and Sorg, M. H. (1996) Forensic Taphonomy: The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains. London, CRC Press Haglund, W. D. and Sorg, M. H. (2001) Advances in Forensic Taphonomy: Method, Theory and Archaeological Perspectives. London, CRC Press Hunter, J. (1996a) Recovering buried remains. In Hunter, J., Roberts, C. and Martin, A. (eds.) Studies in Crime: Introduction to Forensic Archaeology. London, Routledge Hunter, J. (1996b) Archaeology, anthropology and forensic science. In Hunter, J., Roberts, C. and Martin, A . (eds.) Studies in Crime: Introduction to Forensic Archaeology. London, Routledge Hunter, J. (1996c) Locating buried remains. In Hunter, J., Roberts, C. and Martin, A. (eds.) Studies in Crime: Introduction to Forensic Archaeology. London, Routledge Hunter, J. R., Brickley, M. B., Bourgeois, J., Bouts, W., Bourguignon, L., Hubrecht, F., De Winne, J., Van Haaster, H., Hakbijl, T., De Jong, H., Smits, L., Van Wijngaarden, L. H. and Luschen, M. (2001) Forensic archaeology, forensic anthropology and human rights in Europe. Science and Justice 41(3):173-8 Hunter, J. and Cox, M. (2005) Forensic Archaeology: Advances in Theory and Practice. London, Routledge Menez, L. L. (2005) The place of a forensic archaeologist at a crime scene involving a buried body. Forensic Science International 152(2-3): 311-5 Nafte, M. (2000) Flesh and Bone: An Introduction to Forensic Anthropology. Durham, Carolina Academic Press Pickering R. B. and Bachman D. C. (1996) The Use of Forensic Anthropology. London, CRC Press Roberts, C. A. (!996) Forensic anthropology 1: the contribution of biological anthropology to forensic contexts. In Hunter, J., Roberts, C. and Martin, A. (eds.) Studies in Crime: Introduction to Forensic Archaeology. London, Routledge Rutty, G. (2001) Post mortem changes and artefacts. In Rutty, G. (ed.) Essentials of Autopsy Practice. London, Springer. Schultz, J. L., Wheeler, S. M., Williams, L. J. and Dupras, T. L. (2005) Forensic Recovery of Human Remains: Archaeological Approaches. London, CRC Press Ubelaker, D. H. and Scammell, H. (2000) Bones: A Forensic Detective’s Casebook. New York, M Evans Co Inc

Use of Irony in Othello :: Othello essays

Use of Irony in Othello Shakespeare's plays rely largely on irony. There are three kinds of irony presented in this novel. They are: situational, verbal, and dramatic. Irony plays an important role in Othello. It creates suspense, and adds interest to the story. There are many examples of situational irony in this play. Cassio was the one Iago wanted dead or out of his position. At the end of the play, Cassio was the only one that did not die and Othello actually promoted him to a higher position. In the end Iago never accomplishes what he started to do-- to get back at Othello and take Cassio's place. Both Othello and Iago treat their wives horribly. Both killed their wives even through their innocence. Iago killed his wife because she was working against his plan. Othello killed his wife because he thought she cheated on him when she really didn't. Before he killed her, Iago used his wife in a way that helped him to betray Othello. She was a good friend of Desdemona's and she worked against her friend without knowing it. She took Desdemona's handkerchief because Iago said he wanted it. Iago then placed the handkerchief in Cassio's room to make him look guilty. Also, throughout the play, it seemed that Othello was the only one who didn't know the truth. Shakespeare uses situational irony well to make the story more interesting. The verbal irony in this novel can sometimes be humorous because of how ironic it is. Othello often said things that were actually the opposite of Iago: "O, thou art wise! 'Tis certain"(IV.I.87), "Honest Iago . . . "(V.II.88), (II.III.179) & (I.III.319), "I know, Iago, Thy honesty and love doth mince this matter"(II.III.251-52). These lines are just a few of the ironic that Othello says to Iago. They show the trust that Othello mistakenly puts in his "best friend." Most things Iago says are ironic and he's always lying. Othello still considered him his best friend but Iago was the only one Othello trusted although he was constantly lying. He says, "My lord, you know I love you"(III.III.136). This is a blatant lie - Iago does

Functional Roles of Human Resources Essay

Functional Roles of Human Resources One of the most important departments in a company is the human resources department. This department is charged with finding, screening, recruiting, and training job applicants, as well as administering employee-benefit programs. As companies reorganize to gain competitive edge, human resources play a key role in helping companies deal with a fast-changing competitive environment and the greater demand for quality employees. The purpose of this paper is to describe the functional roles of human resources. Roles There are many different roles that the human resources department possesses. The major functional areas are: (1) planning, (2) staffing, (3) employee development, and (4) employee maintenance. These four areas and their related functions share the common objective of an adequate number of competent employees with the skills, abilities, knowledge, and experience needed for further organizational goals (Scribd, Inc. , 2011). Planning In the human resource planning function, the number and type of employees needed to accomplish organizational goals are determined. Human resources are able to make transitions as quick as possible by always anticipating a company’s staffing needs. This ensures that companies do not fall behind while searching for the right person to fill an opening. Research is an important part of this function because planning requires the collection and analysis of information in order to forecast human resources supplies and to predict future human resources needs (Scribd, Inc.2011). Staffing This is one of the most fundamental roles of the HR department. Human resources must work to ensure that a company has the right number of employees, placed in the positions that best utilize their talents. This function involves evaluation of ability and competency of potential employees in relation to what the Company needs. If this function is performed well, then the organization will increase va lue consequently being on the right pathway to achieve its organizational and departmental goals and objectives (Hyde, 2004). Employee Development Development programs help prepare employees for higher level responsibilities within the organization and train new employees by giving them information to be valuable assets to the company. This function provides useful means of assuring that employees are capable of performing their jobs at acceptable levels (Scribd, Inc. , 2011). This helps employees feel empowered and motivated, which keeps them from looking into positions at a competing company. Employee Maintenance This function monitors employee performance to ensure that it is at acceptable levels (Scribd, Inc. , 2011). A large part of maintenance is performance appraisal. Besides providing a basis for pay, promotion, and disciplinary action, performance appraisal information is essential for employee development since knowledge of results (feedback) is necessary to motivate and guide performance improvements.

Malaysia maritime environmental issues and its impact on naval operations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 31 Words: 9355 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Seas and oceans traditionally used by us to have all the source of rich, opportunity and abundance. The vast area of it has given us the aspiration either to use or to abuse it.ÂÂ   Most of the countries in this world are connected with sea and ocean, which make the line of communication and transportation easily done through it.ÂÂ   Many years ago while air transportation is impossible, transportation through land could take a month to reach. Sea and ocean line was used heavily either for trade, communication or expanding the power beyond the borders.ÂÂ   The increasing awareness by us has changed the point of view that the feel of appreciation which not only in a sense of importance for economy and social, but also in a sense of security.ÂÂ   Maritime security and safety issues are major and hot topics nowadays.ÂÂ   It is spoken all over the world, especially in this modern and globalise era where crime has no longer a matter of a single country but a matte r concerning everybody.ÂÂ   It is borderless and at any time can happen anywhere.ÂÂ   Because of the large maritime area, this crime is very difficult to contain particularly in the area where the enforcement is less due to lack of security assets.ÂÂ   This situation worries the country, especially those are depending directly to the sea as a source of development.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Malaysia maritime environmental issues and its impact on naval operations" essay for you Create order Maritime threats have existed ever since commerce went to sea.ÂÂ   Now, its just in what capacity and in what dimension.ÂÂ   Threat to maritime in aspect of maritime security and safety can be from any kind such as piracy, sea robbery, human trafficking, smuggling and others, which cover up to sea pollution.ÂÂ   Malaysias total sea area of 614,159 square kilometres is almost twice its landmass and the size of itsExclusive Economic Zone(EEZ) alone is 453,186 square kilometres.ÂÂ   An estimated 70 percent of the population lives along 4,800 kilometres of coastline area, which have rich ecosystem and biodiversity.]With these unique backgrounds, it has offered tremendous economic value and prospects to Malaysia.ÂÂ   Major economic activities are offshore petroleum, marine transport, marine tourism, fisheries and aquaculture. As a maritime nation, Malaysia is a party to a number of international conventions dealing with marine pollution, which laid down important rules to be followed by state parties to prevent and control marine pollution.ÂÂ   Some reports have concluded that the quality of marine environment and life in our country is showing signs of decline.According to Oxford Dictionary (7th edition) environmental issues can best define with something connected to natural conditions that affect behaviour and development of something.ÂÂ   To be more precise, environmental issues are negative aspects of human activity on the biophysical environment.ÂÂ   Few examples of maritime environmental issues are conservation, environmental degradation, environmental health, nanotechnology, nuclear issues, water pollution, air pollution and resource depletion.ÂÂ   To explain further, the definitions of environmental issues in law perspective as follows: Any direct or indirect alteration of the physical, thermal, chemical, or biological properties of any part of the environment by discharging, emitting, or depositing environmentally hazardous substances, pollutants or wastes so as to affect any beneficial use adversely, to cause a condition which is hazardous or potentially hazardous to public health, safety, or welfare, or to animals, birds, wildlife, fish or aquatic life, or to plants or to cause a contravention of any condition, limitation or restriction. Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) is one of the maritime agencies in Malaysia which one of the roles and functions is to safeguard our national interest.ÂÂ   Hence, theroles and functions are the bread and butter to the RMN, and of course it is not limiting the usage, freedom of manoeuvres in Malaysian waters for whatever reasons.ÂÂ   In connection to maritime environmental issues, the RMN has a strong sense of commitment in upholding the community values of Malaysia.ÂÂ   At the forefront of these values are respect for the environment and a growing need to ensure that naval operations are undertaken by sustainable methods and that the environment is preserved for future generations. 1.2PROBLEM STATEMENT With the current capabilities and ageing of warships, RMN has a bigger issues to adhere to the rules and regulations with regards to environmental friendly and thus will affect the conduct of RMN Operations.Indeed there are inventions of new environmental friendly technologies and of course will increase operational efficiency, but due to the limited budget on national defence sector, RMN is to wisely maintain its own asset and at the same time parallel to environmental issue requirements. 1.3 OBJECTIVE S The objectives of this study as follows: To examine the relationship between Naval Operations and maritime environmental issues. To determine what is the negative factor contributes by RMN warships in relations to maritime environmental issues. To determine whether the capability of RMN in conducting operations isconstrainedby the current environmental policy and legislation. To suggest solutions towards the environment compliant warship without jeopardizing required operations. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY RMN warships are not much different with any commercial vessel and thus should comply withenvironmental regulations such as the Environment Quality Act 1974.ÂÂ   Due to the integrity, RMN should set a very good example in complying not only to the act, but to adhere to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 and a number of international maritime environmental conventions in order to portray a good image to the public.ÂÂ   RMN warships should be able to operate without restriction in ports or open seas.ÂÂ   Due to some intensive measures on environmental issues, there aresome restrictions and constraint on naval activity with regards to ships design and conduct of operations.ÂÂ   Hence, the study should be able to determine the best solution for win-win situation. 1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW The literature of the research mainly based on environmental thesis papers,which havebeen done by scholars as a reference.ÂÂ   Generally, the literature addresses Malaysias environmental qualities, environmental justice and common public attitudes towards the environment.ÂÂ   It is further discussed about policies, practices and Malaysias commitment to international agreements which to be scrutinized.ÂÂ   The literature as well as provides information with regards to consequences of the fast track style of development on our natural resources, health, quality of life and ecosystems. 1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The preparation of this research paper is based on the secondary data,mainly from books and other published articles.ÂÂ   Most of the material from military references are classified Restricted.ÂÂ   Therefore, limits the research on the subject matter. Time constrained is the biggest setback and hindered a more commendable study of the existing issues. 1.7 METHOD AND SOURCES The primary method will be through literature research.ÂÂ   Therefore, the sources will be published books and journal articles spanning the subject areas of Malaysia Environment Issues and RMN Operations.ÂÂ   Newspaper articles, speeches by relevant personalities and interviews will also be sought after.ÂÂ   Information will also be extracted from official governmental or organisation websites. 1.8CHAPTER OUTLINE The paper will be organised into five chapters as follows: Chapter 1 : Introduction . This chapter is the introduction of the subject and layout of the paper. Chapter 2 : Maritime Operations .ÂÂ   This chapter will elaborate the concept and conduct of Naval Operations focusing on the RMN. Chapter 3 : Existing Maritime Environmental Issues and Degree of RMN Compliance .ÂÂ   This chapter examines a series of environmental issues, related to shipping design and operation.Its further discuss the degree of compliance for each issue, against existing environmental legislation and regulations. Chapter 4 : Impacts to RMN .ÂÂ   This chapter will discuss the impact on RMN current operations and to determine whether the capability of RMN in conducting operations is constrained by the current environmental policy and legislation. Chapter 5 : Conclusion .ÂÂ   This chapter includes a discussion on the possible outcomes and to suggest solutions towards an environment compliant warship without jeopardizing required operations. CHAPTER 2 MARITIME OPERATIONS 2.1 INTRODUCTION During the course of recorded history, mankind has perpetually looked towards the sea as a provider of nourishment, as a channel for trade and for the migration of people, culture or idea. The last three millennia has witnessed the development of maritime craft from simple design to the fully computerised ships of the modern day era.ÂÂ   In relation to safe guard maritime national security, warship has been designed and developed as a symbol of supremacy and struggle for control of the seas and trade influence in faraway lands.ÂÂ   Warships have been instruments of both good and evil and have influenced the evolution of mankind.ÂÂ   As a maritime nation, Malaysia is not excluded in enhancing and developing its naval capabilities.ÂÂ   Located at the crossroads of Southeast Asia and the sea are seen as an increasingly important factor in the economic and security aspect of this country. The Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) started from humble beginnings with a rudimentary naval force of coal burning launches and small coastal patrol boats during the colonial time.ÂÂ   Today, the RMN fleet comprises an assortment of modern warships, submarines and naval helicopters armed with state of the art command, control, communication, computers and information (C4I) armed with long-range guided missiles and protected by the most modern electronic warfare systems.ÂÂ   This has completed the metamorphosis of RMN from the coastal Brown Water Navy into a Blue Water Navy, a modern armada. In order to parallel with its vision To be a World Class Navy (Always Excellent), RMN have to be a committed organisation, competent, forward looking, strive for quality and always seek for continuous improvement in managing its own source and technology.ÂÂ   Presently, the roles of the RMN are two-fold; during wartime, the RMN is to ensure the maritime sovereignty of Malaysia while during peacetime, its role is to protect the nations maritime interest that included Malaysias offshore resources, especially oil and gas, shipping and fishing. Since environmental issues are a major challenge and concern throughout the world, the RMN has to develop its operations toward supporting the environmental friendly. 2.2 NAVAL OPERATIONS Naval operations will be the largest contributor toward the maritime environmental issues if it is not being tackled well.ÂÂ   To narrow down the scope of this research, the focus and discussions will be towards the RMN operations.ÂÂ   Every naval exercise always associated with the universal role known as The Trinity of Naval Functions (Figure 2.1) namely military, constabulary and diplomacy.ÂÂ   The first role is the military which is to enforce of state sovereignty and defend the national jurisdictions in the sea by way of control and deterrence at sea.ÂÂ   Secondly is constabulary roles, the navy carried this to enforce the security and law to protect marine resources and the national marine wealth, to maintain order at sea and to support the national development.ÂÂ   The third role is diplomacy. Naval forces are the visible mobile and potent symbols of the nation state and such are the useful instruments of foreign policy.ÂÂ   These roles and functi ons are the bread and butter to the RMN, and of course it is not limiting the usage, freedom of manoeuvres in Malaysian waters for whatever reasons. 2.3 MARITIME WARFARE AREAS Malaysia as a maritime nation is the facts that cant be argued about.ÂÂ   The sea area is larger than the land mass and a unique feature of being a country split by an ocean supporting the facts.ÂÂ   Malaysia is divided by the South China Sea into two main land masses namely the Peninsular Malaysia on the western side and Sabah and Sarawak on the eastern side.ÂÂ   These two land masses are being separated by more than 1000 kilometres of navigable waters.ÂÂ   Malaysia and the nations of the region are reliant on the sea for transportation; they draw greatly on the maritime environment for living and mineral resources.ÂÂ   Maritime forces have significant access and control in our region.Thus, Malaysia requires maritime forces able of curb the challenges of our strategic geographical conditions. The RMN is essentially responsible for protecting Malaysias maritime interest.ÂÂ   To meet these tasks, the RMN is provided with various assets ranging from old an d obsolete patrol craft to the most modern and highly sophisticated state of the art frigates and corvettes capable of carrying out all the four dimensions of naval warfare, namely surface, sub-surface, air and electronic warfare. 2.3.1 Anti Surface Warfare ( ASu W ) The main dimension of Naval Operations is ASuW defined as follows: The actions necessary to detect, identify and counter an adversarys surface capability.ÂÂ   ASuW operations, which may include sea control and sea denial operations, disruption of Sea Lane of Communications (SLOCs), defence offriendly forces from surface attack, or a combination of all, seek toensure that the necessaryaction are conducted in a timely fashion, denying any adversary the ability to employ forces in an effective manner. Thus, freedom of manoeuvre and able to sustain long period of operations is the major requirements for the RMN warships. 2.3.2 Anti Submarine Warfare (ASW) In order to counter subsurface threat, RMN warships must be able to detect the enemy using any available sensors.ÂÂ   Therefore to locate a submarine requires a very hectic and thorough procedure which this will requires warships to stay longer at operational area.ÂÂ   The elements of ASW as follows: ASW comprises operations with the intention of denying the opponent the effective use of submarines.ÂÂ   The ASW protection of a force depends on defence in depth and close coordination between ships, helicopters, Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPA), shore-based facilities and friendly submarines.ÂÂ   The complexity of such coordination and the special environmental factor involved makes the submarine threat one of the most difficult problems to counter. 2.3.3 Anti Air Warfare (AAW) Warships are vulnerable once detected at the open sea, therefore it exposed to be attacked, AAW in the maritime situation required fast reactionof its sensors and personnel, in order to counter the threat.ÂÂ   The purpose of AAW is defined as: Is the term used for the defence of friendly forces against the threat of aircraft and airborne weapon, whether launched from air, surface, or submarine platforms.ÂÂ   AAW is the maritime term for defensive counter air operations and is part of the joint air defence system.ÂÂ   AAW is based on the principle of defence in depth and layered defence, defeating air attacks at the maximum possible distance from maritime forces 2.3.4 Electronic Warfare (EW) In EW, an electromagnetic and acoustic spectrum is being exploited as to integrate to the various warfare areas, such as AAW, ASUW and ASW.ÂÂ   Warships and aircraft are equipped with a variety of systems that utiliseor exploit the electromagnetic and acoustic spectrums in order to give early information on enemy position [24] and activities. 2.4 RMN IN RELATION TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Being a small navy, the RMN needs to evolve to remain relevant.ÂÂ   It has to create a credible force encompassing an integrated system of ships, aircraft, submarines and well trained personnel, but resource are increasingly scarce.ÂÂ   To stay ahead, the RMN has to do more with less.ÂÂ   In other words, one of the RMN challenges is to stay ahead by achieving improvement through the application of creative and innovative solutions and making all round improvements continuously.ÂÂ   The other challenges are the need to adopt technological advancement, continuous upgrading of the existing fleet to ensure the highest state of readiness and effectiveness and achieving synergy in the future warfare scenario.ÂÂ   The procurement of new technologies and upgrading of its asset must parallel with the environmental friendly requirements. In 1994, the EarthCheck Global Standard was established by the travel and tourism industry to provide a mechanism for the promotion of environmentally sustainable tourism.ÂÂ   It is also demonstrating a commitment towards environmental and social responsibilities, better environmental risk management procedures and asset protection.ÂÂ   With the current awareness towards meeting the growing environmental requirement for compliance, RMN has started with KD LEKIU and KD SRI INDERASAKTI as a pioneer.ÂÂ   The bold action by the RMN is influences by following factors: The RMN ships will acknowledge as no different than other commercial vessels and thus its will bind to the same rules and regulations. Environmental issues are currently complex and need special attention and requiring effective and flexible long-range planning. It is difficult to forecast the environmental requirement due to ageing if warships in order to develop appropriate responses. The international community is increasingly applying a coordinated global approach to foster marine environmental issues.ÂÂ   Thus, the RMN should portray a good image in addressing the problem a pro-active way. Strict rules and regulations in controlling the marine pollution are now being implemented in coastal areas and also being expanded on the high seas. The RMN approaches toward environmental friendly warships is unable to meet the complex challenges of environmental compliance.ÂÂ   More strategic and forward-looking plan for future ships is to be implemented. The RMN approach toward environmental friendly warships is eventually costly and may sometimes endanger the health of service personnel as well as operational effectiveness. A better environmental compliant warship design is much more significant due to the good return of investment in operational and cost benefits.ÂÂ   It will not have to rely on shore support for waste management. Apart from these commitments, warships basically having the privileges of sovereign immunity and special exemption as discuss below. Complete exemption of warships and other ships owned or operated by a State and used only on government non-commercial service from the application of the convention so far as both main rules and enforcement provision are concerned. Having said that, the RMN has a strong sense of commitment in upholding the community values of Malaysia, thus naval operations are properly planned as to suite the environmental stewardship in order to preserve it for future generations and therefore,will give the RMN a fine record.ÂÂ   It appears that there were operational benefits from sound environmental practices and the RMN is slowly to adopt this concept.ÂÂ   2.5 CONCLUSION In conclusions Maritime Operations is a challenging business.ÂÂ   Having a vast area of operations with a multi faceted of the threat, the RMN continuously been challenged by the new development such as the rise of non-traditional maritime security issues and the complexity of maritime environmental issues.ÂÂ   Maritime operations, parallel with environmental issues will provide a better solution in managing the maritime security issues.ÂÂ   In another case, it will give some operational benefit to the RMN since every item onboard has been well maintained and the operational requirementsare easily tackled. Apart from having the special privileges and immunity of warships, the RMN should not take this advantage to take part as one of the environmental non-compliance conducts.ÂÂ   As to progress toward environmental stewardship, the RMN therefore should act like no different than international ocean shipping, which binds to the rules and regulations as to uphold the community values of Malaysia. CHAPTER 3 EXISTING MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND DEGREE OF RMN COMPLIANCE 3.1 INTRODUCTION The RMN warship is no different than other international oceans shipping all over the world; more or less it would contribute to the effect of the environmental issues.ÂÂ   Most studies have found that the international ocean shipping industry accounts for roughly three percent of global greenhouse gas emissions.ÂÂ   This means that if the ocean shipping industry were a country, it would rank seventh in the world in emissions.ÂÂ   Its shows that more or less ocean shipping industry contributed to environmental problems, hence warships are not excluded.ÂÂ   Even though warship has been thoroughly design, but it still contributes to some extend the environmental effect while doing their operational task.ÂÂ   As we go through our daily life, which is increasingly becoming fast paced and hectic, only a few of us take a time out to look around and notice the devastating effects of modem civilization on the environment.ÂÂ   The environment has to sustain not o nly the basic human needs for survival but also the conversion of raw materials into goods and services. Ensure continuous improvement in the productivity and quality of the environment while pursuing economic growth and human development. Ensure the highest commitment to environmental protection and accountability by all decision makers in the public and private sectors, resource users, non-governmental organisations and the general public, in formulating, planning and implementing their activities. Based on above principles in Malaysia National Policy on the Environment, the RMN is yet to adopt this principle officially because the negative aspect to the environment is very minute, but in a long term period the effect will slowly affect the environment, and this will de discuss further in following paragraph.ÂÂ   Therefore, planning and implementing activities from designing of warships to the way executioner part of the operations are to be monitored and suit to the highest commitment of environmental protection. Malaysia has a sound and viable National Environmental Policy and adequate legal regime to cope with challenges of the present day marine pollution issuesÂÂ   The protection of the marine environment and degree of the RMN compliance were based on Environmental Quality Act 1974, Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, Merchant Shipping Oil Pollution Act 1994, Exclusive Economic Zone Act 1984 and Fisheries Act 1985. 3.2 RELATED MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Threats to the environment are an increasing concern for states, societies and the international community. In relations to naval operations, below are the related maritime environmental issue which more or less hascontributed to the emerging problems. 3.2.1 Water Pollution Water pollution may be less conspicuous than the solid waste pollution, but it is probably even more dangerous.ÂÂ   This is partly because a wider range of harmful chemicals falls in this category and partly because it is more mobile as compared to the solid waste materials.ÂÂ   With regard to marine environmental issues, liquid pollutants are generated from ships and offshore installations.ÂÂ   Liquids are simply dumped into the oceans without any treatment.ÂÂ   One of the most common liquid wastes is sewage.ÂÂ   In many cases sewage is discharged to the sea without any treatment, which will create disease producing bacteria thus the plant and animal life in it cannot survive and the water becomes anoxic or lifeless. 3.2.2 Air Pollution and Degradation of the Atmosphere Air pollution is one of the toxic forms that affect the environment.ÂÂ   Air, by far, is the most important aspect to human life.Air pollution and air quality has become a huge topic in the world today.ÂÂ   The air quality is different depending on your location where about.ÂÂ   For examples, Los Angeles is very smoggy and has poor quality versus the forests of Brazil that have very clean air, meanwhile Kuala Lumpur is experiencing seasonal haze from month of July to October every year.ÂÂ   Polluting the air with any kind of foreignmaterial such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon mono-oxide, hydrogen sulphide, volatile organic compounds, chlorine, chloroform, chlorinedioxide and making environment dangerous to live for living species is called air pollution. Air pollution is actually the accumulation of any unsafe substances to the atmosphere, which causes the destructive of the environment, human health and the quality of life.ÂÂ   The increasing of shipping industries has increased in air pollution and even though ships are operating far from land, more or less it has contributed to the increase in the death rates resulting from various diseases caused by air pollution varying from breathing problem to lung cancer. Air pollution does not only affect people, but it also damages the whole ecological system in which plants and animals are harmed as well. Air pollution has reached such a critical stage where it affects the earths atmosphere as it lets in more harmful radiation from the sun. Consequently, our polluted atmosphere is becoming a better insulator, thus, preventing heat from escaping back into space. That is why there is a global rise in temperature, which scientists refer to as global warming.ÂÂ   Pursuant to this ris e in temperature the world food supply and sea level will be affected, also there is the probability of the increase in the tropical disease. Air pollution also has a dramatic effect on natural resources.ÂÂ   Ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, coral reefs, and rivers perform many important services for Earths environment.ÂÂ   They enhance water and air quality, provide habitat for plants and animals, and provide food and medicines. Any or all of these ecosystem functions may be impaired or destroyed by air pollution.ÂÂ   Moreover, because of the complex relationships among the many types of organisms and ecosystems, environmental contamination may have far-reaching consequences that are not immediately obvious or that are difficult to predict. 3.2.3 Global Warming The excessive production of Carbon dioxide to the environment is one of the factors that have affected the ozone layer.Thus it willprevent some amount of solar energy from being radiated back to space. This phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect which leads to global warming.Among the industrialized countries, USA, Russia, Japan and France are the largest contributors to this menace.USA alone accounts for 42% of the total carbon dioxide emission all over the wor1d.Most countries in this region like Malaysia and Indonesia are rapidly approaching the emission levels recorded.As of now a rise of average atmospheric temperature has been reported over the past 75 years and is likely to continue into the next century. Global warming has resulted in shrinking of glaciers and ice sheets; a rise of 6 to 37inches in the mean sea level is predicted by the year 2100.Low lying countries within this region such as Bangladesh and Indonesia risk getting submerged by the rising sea levels. Glob al warming will aggravate the water crisis in summer months. It would also lead to expansion of geographical range of tropical pests and will increase the chances of forest fires. 3.2.4 Ozone Depletions The stratospheric ozone layer existing between altitudes of 12 to 35 kilometres is considered as a protective shield or an umbrella for the earth because it prevents the ultraviolet rays from reaching the surface of the earth.In the absence of this layer, no life would be possible because the sun rays would raise the temperature of the lower atmosphere making the earth a blast furnace. The importance of the ozone layer came to light in 1985 when a hole was detected over Antarctica.Chloro Flouro Carbons or CFCs are the group of the gases, which are largely responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer. These synthetic chemicals are widely used as propellants in spray cans, air conditions and refrigerators. Thus CFCs in addition to carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are termed as greenhouse gases as they all contribute to the greenhouse effect. In addition to this, Ozone layer depletion has caused a definite rise in the cases of skin cancer it is estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) that 12% decrease in the ozone layer would cause skin cancer in up to half a million people per annum. 3.2.5 Acid Rain Acid rain is the serious pollution hazard. It causes irreparable damage to agricultural crops, forests, aquatic life and even the human body. It corrodes buildings, pollutes the drinking water and degrades soil. Major sources of sulphur dioxide emission are thermal power plants, crude oil refineries and automobiles, which together account for 50% of the sulphur dioxide pollution.Rainwater of pH less than 5.6 is considered acidic. Emissions of waste gases from industries, vehicle exhausts and power generation are causes of rainwater acidity.When the pH levels of lakes and rivers fall below about 5.5, many species of fish will die, and this in turn is followed by changes in the ecosystem.Acid rain is corrosive to metals such as iron and zinc roof, marble and limestone.Low pH values have been attributed by an increased in industrial activity and large numbers of motor vehicles emitting considerable amounts of sulphur and nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere.Acid rain is detrimental to life and life-support systems. Acidity is measured by hydrogen ion concentration, designated as pH, and is measured on a scale of 1 to 14. A pH value below 7 is acidic, and above 7 is alkaline.Rain acidity in Peninsular Malaysia is on the rise and the number of areas affected by acid rain is growing. Studies by the Meteorological Service Department exposed that, to date the acid rain is becomingworrying environmental problem. 3.3 BINDING LAWS Most of the international environmental law is based on agreement or treaty.With regard to the protection of the marine environment, Malaysia adheres to a number of international conventions. The treaties are as follows: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982. Maritime Pollutions Convention (MARPOL), 73/78. International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC), 1990. International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992. International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 1992. Treaties are made to be performed. Pacta sunt servanda or the rule that treaties arebinding on the parties and must be performed in good faith is the fundamental principle of customary international law. This principle has been reaffirmed in Article 26 of theVienna Convention on the law of Treaties 1969, Every treaty in force is binding uponthe parties to it and must be performed in good faith. Therefore, Malaysia is obliged to the binding laws and thus not excluding the RMN in this context. This paper will only discuss one domestic rule and twointernational treaties as to examine and relate the degree of the RMN compliance in environmental issues. 3.3.1 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Act 1984 The Exclusive Economic Zone Act 1984 is an important Malaysian statute devised to implement certain aspects of the UNCLOS 1982.Part IV of the EEZ Act deals with protection and preservation of the Marine environment. Under Section 9, Malaysia has the sovereign right to exploit her natural resources in the EEZ pursuant to her environmental policies and in accordance with her duty to protect and preserve the marine environment in the zone. Offences under the EEZ Act are the discharge or escape of oil or pollutant in the EEZ; and failures to comply with directions to remove, disperse, destroy or mitigate damage by pollution. As mentioned above by Dr. Abdul Ghafur in his paper, the EEZ act is a devised used to curb maritime pollution and interrelated with UNCLOS convention.ÂÂ   Therefore the RMN is to oblige to enforce this rule and also need to adhere to the regulations when conducting her operations. 3.3.1 United Nations Conventions Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Malaysia is one of the signatory countries to this convention.ÂÂ   As a party to UNCLOS, Malaysia is obliged to comply with the principles laid down in the Convention.Therefore, the RMN is obliged: To protect and preserve the marine environment. To exploit its natural resources with sound environmental policies and in accordance with its duty to protect and preserve its marine environment. To take all measures necessary to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment, using the best practicable means at their disposal and in accordance with their capabilities To ensure that activities under its jurisdiction or control are so conducted as not to cause damage by pollution to other States and their environment. To prevent pollution of the marine environment by addressing particular sources of pollution. To monitor the risks and effects of pollution of the marine environment and to carry out environmental impact assessment of activities under its jurisdiction or control. In relations to this rule, the RMN is to ensure that naval operations are undertaken by sustainable methods as to preservethe environment for future generations. 3.3.2 Maritime Policy (MARPOL) The main international convention regulating pollution from vessels is MARPOL 73/78.ÂÂ   The detailed rules on pollution from ships are set out in six Annexes to the Convention as follows: Annex I : Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil Any operational discharge of oil or oily mixtures from an oil tanker is prohibited, unless all the following conditions are satisfied: The tanker is not within a special area; The tanker is more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest land; The tanker is proceeding en route; The instantaneous rate of discharge of oil content does not exceed 30 litres per nautical mile. The total quantity of oil discharged into the sea does not exceed, for tankers delivered on or before 31 December 1979, 1/15,000 of the total quantity of the particular cargo, and for tankers delivered after 31 December 1979, 1/13,000 of the total quantity of the particular cargo; and The tanker has in operation an oil discharge monitoring and control system and a slop tank arrangement as required under the Annex. Annex II:Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk Some 250 substances were evaluated and included in the list appended to the Annex. The discharge of their residues is allowed only to reception facilities until certain concentrations, and conditions are complied with. In any case, no discharge of residues containing noxious substances is permitted within 12 miles from the nearest land. Annex III:Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form Contains generalrequirements for the issuing of detailed standards on packing, marking, labelling, documentation, stowage, quantity limitations, exceptions andnotifications for preventing pollution by harmful substances. This Annex shouldbe implemented through the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG)Code, which has been amended to include marine pollutants. Annex IV: Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships Contains general requirementsto control pollution of the sea by sewage from ships. Specifically, it providesthat the discharge of sewage is prohibited,unless: The ship discharges disinfected sewage in a manner approved by theConvention at a distance of more than 4nm from the nearest land. In cases where the sewage is not disinfected, sewage is discharged at apaced rate at a distance of more than 12nm from the nearest land. The above, however, does not apply when the discharge is necessary for thesake of saving lives or when the discharge occurs as a matter of mitigating theincidence of a larger escape. Annex V:Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships Relates to the prevention of pollution by garbage from ships, and it applies to all ships. Perhaps the most important feature of the Annex is the complete ban imposed on the dumping into the sea of all forms of plastic.ÂÂ   The Annex regulates different types of garbage and specifies the distances from land and the way they may be disposed of.Lining and packing materials which float cannot be disposed ofwithin 25 nautical miles of land, disposal of food waste and all other garbage isprohibited within 12 nautical miles of land.ÂÂ   Except for food wastes, no garbage may bedisposed of from any fixed or floating platforms for the exploration and exploitation of seabed mineral resources.ÂÂ   For special areas, more stringent requirements apply. Annex VI: Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships Contains requirements tocontrol air pollution from ships. The Annex outlines guidelines and provisions for the emission of differentsubstances and specifies the requirements for the testing, survey andcertification of marine diesel engines to ensure they are fully compliance, thus it will prohibit deliberate emissions of ozonedepleting substances. 3.4 NAVAL ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE Warships are no other different to any other ships in the world.ÂÂ   As the navy is trying to seek compliance with regard to environmental issues, bellow is the few factors that should be tackled by the RMN first. 3.4 .1 Antifouling Paint Coatings Antifouling paint is being used by ships below the water line as to reduce the effect of the growth of barnacles as to give more speed to ships in performing operational tasks.ÂÂ   According to International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships, in order to preserve the environment, all antifouling paint must not contain harmful substance to underwater organism such as tin, lead and chromium in the paint mixture. As an alternative, ecoloflex substance is being used, but it will not solve the barnacle problem in total since the chemical substance is at the low level.ÂÂ   Furthermore, its require ships to up slip regularly to conduct the maintenance, and it is not cost effective.ÂÂ   Another environmental free substance is polyurethane treatment that is Interfleet.ÂÂ   Unfortunately, it will only be effective at vessels which able to cruise more than 10 knots.ÂÂ   Due to the varies type of ships and operations, warships must be abl e to proceed at a slow speed which is less than 10 knots, such as transiting through a mine field for an example.ÂÂ   Thus, it will not solve the issues, and the RMN, for the time being, is not compliance to the convention. 3.4 .2 Fuel Transfer Activities In order for warships to stay longer at their respective operational area, fuel transfer at sea is being practiced.ÂÂ   Thus, precise navigation and ship handling are required to accomplish the replenishment activity.ÂÂ   What fear most is an oil spill during this activity.ÂÂ   It will endanger to marine life and difficult to purify once neglected.ÂÂ   Marine species exposed to oil can cause problems such as susceptibility to disease and spay reproductive cycle.ÂÂ   Even though such bad incident never happened, the RMN is taking serious in this matter.ÂÂ   The safety precautions havebeen lay out in the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) and Perintah Am Panglima Armada (PAPA) as to remind the Navy People to be vigilance at all time.ÂÂ   In this aspect, the RMN is fully compliance to the listed regulations. 3.4 .3 Sonar Operations Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR) is one of the equipment being used by warships and submarines to detect and classify under water contact.ÂÂ   Mid Sonar produce an active pulse by emits sound by pulse to identify the distance, size and the speed of the underwater objects.ÂÂ   The sonar wave bound on object and reflects back to the underwater acoustic receiver as echo.ÂÂ   Depending on the exposure, active Sonar can harm the certain marine life such as making them deaf and disorientation.ÂÂ   The uses of sonar by warships and submarines (depends on power output) will encourage migration of marine species into other territories, and it will generate an impact towards the nations economic growth.ÂÂ   There is no research about the migration of marine species due to sonar transmission being done in Malaysia, it is very difficult to verify the fact.ÂÂ   Normally, during peace time, transmission of sonar or underwater exercise is being done in the gazetted operational area.ÂÂ   The RMN compliance to these issues is still questionable to this region. 3.4 .4 Oily Waste and Bilge Water Management Ship usually has the oily water separator to separate the oily water from oil and discharge overboard only the water.ÂÂ   The oily water can come from the bilges, contaminated tanks and others.ÂÂ   Oily water separator will divide the oil from water and direct the remaining oil to the used oil tank.ÂÂ   According to MARPOL Annex 1 requirements, discharge overboard can be acceptable only if the oil concentration is less than 15 ppm but if the water is more than 15 ppm the system will trigger an alarm, and it will be stopped.ÂÂ   The military involved in military operations usually been related with the misconduct on the discharge of oil wastage into the sea.ÂÂ   Preventive actions could be implemented by enforcing such regulations to limit the discharge activities only at confined areas such as the basins or at the authorized port.ÂÂ   3.4 .5 Ballast Water To stabilize the ship, sea water will be pumped into the ballast tank compartment according to the calculation. Ships that are not balanced and stabilized will lead to problems when navigating throughout the sea.ÂÂ   This application also being used by the submarines while conducting their operational tasks.ÂÂ   When filling the sea water in the tank, the ships tank also filled by organisms that harmful to the ecosystem.ÂÂ   Some harmful species can adapt to a new area quickly and cause danger to the area such as the spread of new diseases, alter the landscape and reduce the ability of local species in search of food.ÂÂ   The water in the ballast tanks can also spread infectious diseases such as harmful bacteria and toxins that can cause alterations such as changes in growth, disruption of hormone cycles, birth defects, suppression of the immune system, and disorders resulting in cancer, tumours, and genetic abnormalities or even death to humans and marine life.Ã ‚Â   The current guidelines for the control and management of ships ballast water to minimise the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens are covered in IMO Resolution A.868(20), adopted in November 1997.ÂÂ   The impact for the RMN is when the ship sailing to outside our territorial water. We must control all ballast water transfer onboard ship.ÂÂ   The ship must be given strict instruction not to replenish the ballast tank except in the emergency situation. If there is any requirement to replenish the ballast water tank, the water must be tested properly to ensure there is no harm organism transfer to neighbourhood waters. 3. 4 .6 Ozone Depleting Substances Freon and Halon are widely used onboard the RMN warships.ÂÂ   This is due to the old technology and system still being used.ÂÂ   Freon is used onboard ship as coolants in refrigeration and air conditioners, as solvents in cleaners, particularly for electronic circuit boards, and as propellants in aerosols while Halon is being used as one of the substances for fire main system.ÂÂ   Halon, which contains bromine, is very effective in putting out fires.ÂÂ   The New York Times, in an article by Malcolm W. Browne, stated that the recent agreement of 87 countries to halt the manufacture of Halon fire extinguishers will eventually eliminate a potent threat to the earths protective ozone layer.ÂÂ   The RMN is not fully compliance to the regulations since KD LAKSAMANA TAN PUSMAH and KLD TUNAS SAMUDERA still utilised Halon in putting out fires while the issue on usage of Freon has been solved by replacing another environmental friendly substance.ÂÂ   The RMN had t o expedite the modernisation of both ships to utilise to environmental friendly substance or system such as using the nitrogen gasand water mist system to fully compliance. 3.4 .7 Engine Exhaust Gas Emissions The usage of low quality fuel has affected the environment.ÂÂ   This will produce polluted air, which constituted 18% to 30% of nitrogen oxides and 9% of sulfur oxide.ÂÂ   Sulfurwhen mixed with air can produce acid rain, which can damage the plants, organisms and buildings.ÂÂ   If inhaled, sulfur can cause respiratory problems and even increase the risk of heart attack.ÂÂ   Regulations on Engine exhaust gas emissions are enclosed in MARPOL Annex VI Ageing of asset and limited budget on defence industry is one of the key factors that negate the environmental requirements. 3.4 .8 Grey Water Management Grey water is wastewater from the sinks, showers, galleys and laundry onboard ship. In particular, grey water has been potential to cause unfavourable environmental effects because of content of nutrients and other oxygen materials.ÂÂ   Estimates of grey water range from 110 to 320 litres per day per person, or 330,000 to 960,000 litres per day for a 3,000-person cruise ship.Ageing of asset and limited budget on defence industry is one of the key factors that negate the environmental requirements. 3. 4 .9 Garbage Management Garbage onboard ship is comprising of plastics, paper, cardboard, metals, food waste and medical waste.ÂÂ   With regards to MARPOL Annex V, Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships, garbage is not to be thrown and to be kept onboard and to be disposed ashore.ÂÂ   Due to limited storage area, mission endurance will be reduced.ÂÂ   This will limit warship presence in operation area. 3.4 .10 Sewage Management According to the MARPOL Annex IV Chapter 3, prohibit the discharge of sewage from ships at sea, unless the discharge is carried out through the sewage treatment plant and disinfecting system provided, that the ship is more than 3 nm from the nearest land or that is carried out from a holding tank provided that the ships is more than 3 nm from the nearest land [91].ÂÂ   Sewage remaining in holding tank onboard ships may be discharged through waste management facilities located at port.ÂÂ   The RMN is fully compliance to the rules and regulations but operational wise. It will limit operational hour ships at sea due to limited storage area onboard ships, thus will limit warship presence in operation area. 3.5 CHALLENGES Current related environmental issues in this chapter aremore towards the design of ships rather than operational impacts.ÂÂ   This will be costly effected in order to be compliance toward environmental stewardships.ÂÂ   In relation to fulfil the said requirement, the RMN has to share their activities with the public.ÂÂ   Therefore, the secrecy of naval operations in certain aspect is jeopardized.ÂÂ   3.6 CONCLUSION Warships will always represent the country when conducting operational visits abroad.ÂÂ   Thus, it is a compulsory to adhere to the stipulated rules and regulations be it local or international in order to upkeep the nation pride and integrity.ÂÂ   It is noted that the RMN is not fully compliance to the said requirement due to the ageing of asset and limited budget on defence expenses even though the effect is not a major contributor toward maritime environmental issues and in the long term it will create an alarming problem.ÂÂ   The environmental policy andlegislation will then became restrictive to the RMN Operations if the current asset is not being maintained well.Therefore, serious attention is required to solve this issue. CHAPTER 4 IMPACTS TO RMN 4.1 INTRODUCTION It is generally recognized now that marine pollution has developed into a serious environmental problem.ÂÂ   More or less, the RMN has contributed to this issue and still at the level of under control.ÂÂ   Even though warships are given special immunities and exemptions during the conduct of its operations, due to the commitment toward environmental stewardships, the RMN has taken this challenge in order to uphold the community values of Malaysia.ÂÂ   This chapter will determine whether the capability of RMN in conducting operations is constrained by the current environmental policy and legislation. 4.2 ORGANISATION Bad incident such contributions towards environmental non-compliance will portray a negative impact to the RMN. It will not only give the pessimistic perception from the public, but the incident somehow or rather require the government to pay a total sum of compensated money.ÂÂ   Therefore, the reputation of the RMN can be jeopardise.ÂÂ   The RMN in the other hand is difficult to gain trust from related Non-government Organisation (NGO) in relation to environment issues. The current organization of Fleet Readiness Department in the Fleet Commander Headquarters is the best organisation to monitor the progress and implementation on environmental stewardships.ÂÂ   With the help of Engineering Department in RMN Headquarters, the RMN will easily implement the new policy. 4.3 LEGISLATIVE In relations to the legislative and naval operations, the standards of sound environmental management are constantly being updated and in many cases are becoming more restrictive.ÂÂ   Activities that were previously considered normal can become illegal pursuant to new environmental regulatory initiatives.In the other hand, some countries persist to follow the legislative conduct of environment compliance.ÂÂ   In this case to reduced warships immunity as being mentioned by Till as follows: Some countries, for example, want to reduce the sovereign state immunity of warships so that they become susceptible to the safety and environmental regulations that bind civilian shipping.ÂÂ   This encourages increased interest in environmentally friendly warship design.ÂÂ   The onboard disposal of ship wastes (especially oil, plastics, hazardous material, medical wastes and so on) for example, allows navies to demonstrate leadership in the stewardship of the oceans. With the ageing of warships, is the RMN ready to give way to its immunity is very subjective.ÂÂ   It will take a lot of research that will implicate from the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) to the development of environmental compliance machineries to be re-evaluated.ÂÂ   The most important thing is to change the mindset of the Navy People, especially to those who serve onboard ships.ÂÂ   Furthermore, the modernisation of its warships will take some time due to the limited budget on its defence industries.ÂÂ   Thus, the RMN need to consider this legislative matter before proceeds to the implementation, because it will affect not only the operational wise of the RMN but the budget of course. 4.4 DOCTRINE The RMN is yet to adopt the environmental concept in total.ÂÂ   Ever since there is a requirement in implementing naval environmental policy, the doctrine of course is needed to be revised since the RMN has none of this reference.ÂÂ   Even thought, the RMN has adopted few certificates in enhancing its conduct towards environmental friendly, yet the focus on maritime environmental issues is less.ÂÂ   Among the certificates are Environmental Management System (EMS) 14001:2000 certified in 2007, Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSAS) 18001:2007 certified in 2009 and last but not least EarthCheck, which certified in 2010. In developing its doctrine to suite the environmental friendly requirements, it will require major alignments between the SOP and legislative part in preserving the environment.ÂÂ   This will takes some time for the Navy People at first to change their mindset, subsequently, to develop training and procedures before it can be fully adapted to the real operational tasking.ÂÂ   The current international recognise certificates as mentioned earlier can be used in developing the doctrines. 4.5 TECHNOLOGY The current development of naval technology has proven environmental friendly since the demand and design of this of product have increased.ÂÂ   Due to the rapid development of technologies from time to time, the RMN is predicted to have difficulties in integrating between modern equipment and ageing of warships.ÂÂ   As to relate with new technology being installed on board, the Navy People are to be prepared to develop its new SOP and to be re-trained in order to suite to the said requirements. Again, these required big allocations of money which depends on the budget allocated to the defence industries. 4.6 OPERATIONAL The major difference between naval and merchant ships, leading to different effects while sailing in similar environmental conditions, is their operational profile.ÂÂ   Combatant vessels must be capable of withstanding design defined sea states, without any decrease in their fighting ability. In relations to the above statement, the conduct of warships in its operational area is depended on its sustainability to be present on the tasked area.ÂÂ   For an example, due to compact design of warships and its limited space, thus, it will limit the space for unwanted material such as garbage on board.ÂÂ   If these unwanted materials to be keep onboard for a long period, it will create an unhealthy environment became a disease that will impact the personnel on board. In adopting the environmental compliance, it will limit the operational area in coastal waters due to most of these areas are the marine protected areas such as Marines Parks.Furthermore, the usage of Sonar more or less will create the migration of fishes to the safer area.ÂÂ   Thus the RMN needs to fully establish its own training exercise area as to negate the conflicts.ÂÂ   In relation to fulfil the said requirement, the RMN has to share their activities with the public.ÂÂ   Therefore, the secrecy of naval operations in certain aspect is jeopardized.ÂÂ   So much so, the RMN need to properly plan its future operation as to support the environment stewardship. 4.7 CONCLUSION We do agree that there is a special immunity to warships in enforcing their operational task at sea.ÂÂ   In addition, with the current alarming environmental issues, the special privileges will be no longer applicable due to the public awareness and will assume and demand that warships is no other different with other shipping industries.ÂÂ   Therefore, this requires full participations of the Navy People to change their mindset in implementing environmental stewardship. Based on the examples and impacts as discussed before, environmental stewardship seems to give more benefit to the RMN.ÂÂ   Since it will provide the operational benefits, a lot of things to re-consider because it will implicate manpower, skills, time and continuous commitment among the Navy People.ÂÂ   Therefore, it will take some time for the RMN to adhere to the said requirement. CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 5.1 INTRODUCTION Long coast line gives Malaysia with prosperous coastal area full with unique and various biodiversities.ÂÂ   Maritime environmental awareness has become a fundamental requirement globally in order to maintain and preserve the well being of Mother Nature.ÂÂ   Malaysia as a coastal state has the right to emphasize its own customary rules so as to reduce, control and as well to prevent the pollution from continuously deteriorating into the maritime environment. Therefore, tighter environmental regulations by UNCLOS and MARPOL in the future are expected.ÂÂ   Thus, the RMN has to be proactive in executing the measures in protecting its own EEZ from being polluted and at the same time adheres to the said regulations. 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS Total Quality Management (TQM) which has been practices by the RMN is the best solutions towards an environment compliant warship without jeopardizing required operations.ÂÂ   With this tool, the Navy People are encouraged todevelop and creates light technology, which is cheaper, simple and applicable tobe used on board ships.ÂÂ   However, the concept of the technology should be more focus toward environmental friendly.ÂÂ   By introducing this, the RMN not only will reduce the operational cost but will contribute to environmental stewardships. The current EarthCheck certified warships that is KD LEKIU and KD SRI INDERASAKTI is to be the benchmark and the implementation of EarthCheck certified warships are too prolonged to the remaining RMN warships.ÂÂ   It is important to note that to change the mindset of the Navy People required years to develop and progress.ÂÂ   Thus, the environment stewardships syllabus is to be introduced in all training centres be it cadet or recruits training centre.ÂÂ   In fact, it will create awareness among the Navy People at the early stage.In developing procedures and doctrines with regards to the environment stewardships will take years tobe developed.ÂÂ   It will not only conflicts time, but also man power as they need to be re-train due to the changing of procedures.ÂÂ   In the other hand, the current International Standard (ISO) needs to be revised as to compliment to the evolving situations.ÂÂ   Everybody knows the important to maintenance but not everybody cares about it.ÂÂ   In order to ensure all equipment onboard working without any problem, schedule maintenance must be conducted without failed.ÂÂ   For example, if any of the important equipment like the main engine did not maintain properly, it will produce exhaust that had black smoke that contains more carbon than permitted according to MARPOL.ÂÂ   If the oily water separator failed, the ship cannot treat their bilges as it should be and might discharge it overboard innocently. It should be well-known that various technologies that lead to environmental conformity also generate greater cost effectiveness in the long term and may also amplify the operational efficiency.ÂÂ   Apart from TQM approaches, that is why research and development (RD) is important to the Navy.ÂÂ   By doing RD, we can develop technology such as modification onboard small ship and develop new antifouling paint in order to compliance with the environmental policy.ÂÂ   We also can do Operational Research to study our existing standard operating procedures (SOP) like refilling and discharge ballast water tank in the high seas as to ensure that our environment free from pollution. Cooperation with the other government agencies like Fisheries Department and Tourism Board is also important in order to determine sensitive and rich area in order for our marine species can be maintained protected.ÂÂ   Areas like Sipadan Island and Tioman Island which are rich with natural habitats arevery much important for tourism industries. Through identifying the protected area, we can protect the environment from harmful activities such as harmful active sonar and fuel spilling that could happen when conducting naval exercise or operations in the respective area. 5.3 CONCLUSION We do agree that there is a special immunity to warships in enforcing their operational task at sea.ÂÂ   In addition, with the current alarming environmental issues, the special privileges will be no longer applicable due to the public awareness and will assume and demand that warships is no other different with other shipping industries.ÂÂ   Therefore, this requires full participations of the Navy People to change their mindset in implementing environmental stewardship.ÂÂ   Even though, the environmental stewardships providing more towards the operational benefits, a lot of things to re-consider because it will implicate manpower, skills, time and continuous commitment among the Navy People.ÂÂ   Therefore, it will take some time for the RMN to adhere to the said requirement. The future of this planet is depending on how we manage and counter the light of rapid degradation of the environment.ÂÂ   The available evidence indicates that pollution is rising despite efforts to bring it under control.ÂÂ   It is apparent that at present we are not coping well with the situation.ÂÂ   To eliminate the root cause of these problems will take years to be solved.ÂÂ   Hence, the corrective measures are to be implemented.ÂÂ   Though a gradual but time bound implementation programme the pollution levels can be reduced, and environmental protection can be achieved.ÂÂ   One of the important actions that we should embark is inculcating maritime awareness among the mariners.ÂÂ   Maritime awareness should cover all the requirements of environmental rules and regulations.